Herring_gull

Herring Gull
Adult
Conservation status
Least Concern
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae Genus: Larus Species: L. argentatus
Binomial name
Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763, Denmark

The Herring Gull, Larus argentatus, is a large gull which breeds across North America, Europe and Asia. Some herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, migrate further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, e.g. those on the lower Great Lakes, on the east coast of North America or at the North Sea shores. Herring Gulls are also abundant around inland garbage dumps, and some have even adapted to life in inland cities.

Herring Gull flocks have a loose pecking order, based on size, aggressiveness and physical strength. Communication between these birds is complex and highly-developed - employing both calls and body language. Two identical vocalizations can have very different (sometimes opposite) meanings, for example - depending on the positionings of the head, body, wings and tail relative to each other and the ground in the calling gull.

Unlike many flocking birds, Herring Gulls do not engage in social grooming and keep physical contact between individuals to a minimum. Outside of the male/female and parent/chick relationship, each Herring Gull attempts to maintain a respectful \'safe distance\' from others of its kind. Any breach of this results in fighting, though severe injuries are seldom inflicted.

The taxonomy of the Herring Gull / Lesser Black-backed Gull complex is very complicated, different authorities recognising between two and eight species.

This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, Herring Gull and Lesser Black-backed Gull, are clearly different species.

Adult Herring Gulls are similar to Ring-billed Gulls but are much larger, have pinkish legs, and a much thicker yellow bill with more pronounced gonys. First-winter Herring Gulls are much browner, but second and third-winter birds can be confusing since soft part colors are variable and third-year Herring Gull often show a ring around the bill. Such birds are most easily distinguished by the larger size and larger bill of Herring Gull.

The Association of European Rarities Committees recognises six species:

• Herring Gull, Larus argentatus
• American Herring Gull, Larus smithsonianus
• Caspian Gull, Larus cachinnans
• Yellow-legged Gull, Larus michahellis
• East Siberian Gull, Larus vegae
• Armenian Gull, Larus armenicus

Adults are easily identified by their size, pale grey back and the red spot on the beak. Legs are pink at all ages. The bird depicted is the western European race Larus argentatus argenteus. The Scandinavian race L. a. argentatus is slightly larger and darker, with more white in the wing tips.

The North American American Herring Gull is similar to argentatus, except that immature birds tend to be darker and more uniformly brown.

These are omnivores like most Larus gulls, and will scavenge on rubbish tips and elsewhere, as well as seeking suitable small prey in fields or on the coast, or robbing plovers or lapwings of their catches.

Eggs, usually three, are laid on the ground or cliff ledges in colonies, and are defended vigorously by this large gull. The loud laughing call is well-known in the northern hemisphere.

Herring Gulls are known to be capable of seeing ultraviolet light.Marcus, Adam (2006). Feather Colors: What Birds See. Birder\'s World Magazine. Retrieved on July 18, 2007.

Parasites of Herring gulls include the fluke Microphallus piriformes.

Gallery

References

• AERC TAC\'s Taxonomic Recommendations
• BirdLife International (2004). Larus argentatus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
• Seabirds by Harrison, ISBN 0-7470-1410-8

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Herring Gull

• Herring Gull Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Herring Gull Information and Photos - South Dakota Birds and Birding
• Herring Gull - Larus argentatus - USGS Patuxent BIrd Identification InfoCenter
• Herring Gull by John Audubon
• Herring Gull videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• Herring gull census in the U.K. with some background information.
• Herring gull fact sheet.
• An explanation of why there is a statue of a gull in Salt Lake City, Utah.
• Map of Herring Gull distribution in summer and winter in Europe

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